The development of modern osteoplastic materials with controlled immunomodulatory properties represents a critical objective in bone tissue engineering. Octacalcium phosphate (OCP) serves as a promising precursor to bone apatite; however, its clinical application is limited by inconsistent biological response for recipients with similar nosology. Ionic doping presents a prospective approach for enhancing the functional characteristics of calcium phosphates. This study is dedicated to the synthesis and in vitro investigation of the immunomodulatory effects of low-temperature OCP co-doped with Sr²⁺/Mg²⁺ and Sr²⁺/Ba²⁺. The developed materials were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The incorporation of strontium during OCP synthesis was shown to destabilize the crystal lattice and reduce crystallite size. In vitro studies utilizing monocyte-like (THP-1 ATRA) and macrophage-like (THP-1 PMA) cell models demonstrated that the doped OCP materials did not induce cytotoxic effects and effectively modulated the functional activity of immune cells. Specifically, in monocyte-like cells, both OCP materials enhanced phagocytic activity and significantly increased the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6). In macrophage-like cells, the materials reduced phagocytic activity and exerted dual ion-dependent effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Furthermore, they stimulated cytokine secretion predominantly under non-inflammatory conditions. Notably, OCP_Sr20_Mg1 induced a comparatively milder proinflammatory response compared to OCP_Sr20_Ba1, specifically reducing ROS formation and cytokine secretion by monocyte-like and macrophage-like cells under standard conditions. These results suggest that Sr/Mg co-doping may provide a more balanced immunomodulatory profile favorable for osteoplastic applications. The findings indicate that the immunomodulatory effect is likely mediated through direct particle-cell interactions influencing intracellular processes such as phagocytosis and lysosomal activity, rather than being solely attributable to soluble ion release.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has shown significant advantages in tumor treatment due to its minimally invasive nature, low toxicity, and high selectivity. This article systematically reviews the research progress of organic photosensitizers (PSs) used in tumor PDT in recent years, and classifies them into six major categories based on chemical structure: porphyrins, chlorins, phthalocyanines, fused quinones, phenothiazines, and BODIPYs. It focuses on the innovative applications of various PSs in molecular design optimization, regulation of photophysical properties, nanonization strategies, and multimodal synergistic therapy. Strategies such as targeted delivery, microenvironment modulation (e.g., hypoxia alleviation, GSH depletion, pH responsiveness), and Type I photodynamic mechanisms have significantly enhanced PDT efficacy. Combined with two-photon excitation, NIR-II window absorption, and imaging guidance, the tissue penetration and treatment precision of PSs have been improved, providing a systematic reference for the development of efficient and low-toxicity tumor PDT strategies.

Ocular nanomedicines for precise targeted delivery and controlled release in clinical application have expanded. However, developing materials that harmonize with biomechanical properties of various anatomical regions in the eye remains neglected. For instance, biomaterials engineered to mimic the cornea’s biomechanical and optical properties can achieve superior integration with ocular surface structures, thereby reducing corneal trauma and extending nanomaterial persistence. Beyond the corneal surface, biomechanically optimized strategies that consider the viscoelasticity and structural integrity of the retina and choroid can significantly improve intraocular drug delivery. Nanomaterials with dynamic biomechanical responsiveness, such as intraocular pressure (IOP)-sensitive behavior, enable controlled drug release and enhance therapeutic efficacy in glaucoma management. Notably, nanomaterials with mechanical stiffness compatible with ocular biomechanics can preserve tissue integrity, stabilize the globe structure, and mitigate trauma-related complications. This review synthesizes current understanding of the biomechanical properties of ocular tissues and provides structural perspectives to inform the development of next-generation nanomaterials for ophthalmic use. We envision that these insights will foster translational innovation and advance biomechanically informed strategies in ocular nanomedicine.