Unlike traditional methods that implant passive optical components like fibers and rod lenses, optoelectronic semiconductor-based devices directly implant active optoelectronic semiconductors into the brain. This approach offers several advantages—the devices are compact and lightweight, enabling measurement and control without hindering the movement of small animals like mice. Additionally, it allows for simultaneous implantation of multiple devices, and integration with other functions. However, potential temperature increment and biocompatibility due to the active nature of these devices are major drawbacks. This paper reviews novel optoelectronic semiconductor-based devices for measuring and controlling brain nerve function. The advantages of brain-implantable optoelectronic semiconductor devices for fluorescence imaging and photostimulation are highlighted. We address potential limitations and propose future improvements, demonstrating their significant potential to advance neuroscience and pharmacology.